Unit 6: c. 1750-1900

Main Ideas:

Migration was influenced by the need for jobs & changes in demographics that challenged the patterns of living

Migration was allowed by innovations in transportation, such as steam-powered locomotives & steamships

In addition to free-moving migrants, the global economy relied on coerced labor, such as Indian & Chinese indentured servitude and convict labor

Most migrants were male → Women were left behind to take new societal roles traditionally occupied by men

Migrants created ethnic enclaves in their new society to help adjust to their new home → Receiving society didn't always embrace them & sought immigration regulation

Migration was influenced by the need for jobs & changes in demographics that challenged the patterns of living
- In Europe, overpopulation was a problem in the cities → Many Europeans sought to migrate elsewhere to get more living space
- As Europeans colonized other lands, they opened job opportunities for potential migrants → Many Europeans migrated to the colonies to work in industrial-related jobs
- The Americas also had a thriving agricultural & industrial economy → Many Europeans migrated to the Americas

Some migrants were coerced laborers such as Indian & Chinese indentured servants and convict laborers
- Chinese indentured laborers were sent to guano fields in Cuba & Peru
- Indian indentured laborers were sent by the British to labor in sugar plantations in other British colonies, such as Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa, Guyana, etc.

Migration was allowed by innovations in transportation, such as steam-powered locomotives & steamships
- Many trans-Atlantic steamships emerged, and they allowed for the constant travel across the Atlantic
- Within nations, many steam-powered locomotives were built → Easier migration within the nations

Most migrants were male → Women were left behind to take new societal roles traditionally occupied by men
- Most of the time, whole families didn't migrate, and only young unmarried men migrated to new places → Shortage of women in home countries → Allowed women to have more autonomy and perform roles previously reserved for men

Migrants created ethnic enclaves in their new society to help adjust to their new home
- Immigrants created ethnic enclaves in their receiving societies, where people would create restaurants, shops, temples, schools, etc. in the style of their native country
- Many Italians migrated to Argentina & created enclaves there
- Many Chinese migrated to the US & created ethnic enclaves called Chinatowns

The natives of the receiving society did not always embrace migrants & sought to regulate immigration
- The US passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 to ban immigration from China